Abstract
Northern Hemisphere surface temperature reconstructions suggest that the late twentieth century was warmer than any other time during the past 500 years and possibly any time during the past 1,300 years (refs 1, 2). These temperature reconstructions are based largely on terrestrial records from extra-tropical or high-elevation sites; however, global average surface temperature changes closely follow those of the global tropics3, which are 75% ocean. In particular, the tropical Indo-Pacific warm pool (IPWP) represents a major heat reservoir that both influences global atmospheric circulation4 and responds to remote northern high-latitude forcings5,6. Here we present a decadally resolved continuous sea surface temperature (SST) reconstruction from the IPWP that spans the past two millennia and overlaps the instrumental record, enabling both a direct comparison of proxy data to the instrumental record and an evaluation of past changes in the context of twentieth century trends. Our record from the Makassar Strait, Indonesia, exhibits trends that are similar to a recent Northern Hemisphere temperature reconstruction2. Reconstructed SST was, however, within error of modern values from about ad 1000 to ad 1250, towards the end of the Medieval Warm Period. SSTs during the Little Ice Age (approximately ad 1550–1850) were variable, and ∼0.5 to 1 °C colder than modern values during the coldest intervals. A companion reconstruction of δ18O of sea water—a sea surface salinity and hydrology indicator—indicates a tight coupling with the East Asian monsoon system and remote control of IPWP hydrology on centennial–millennial timescales, rather than a dominant influence from local SST variation.
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Acknowledgements
We thank the following people and institutions for their support: Y. S. Djajadihardja, F. Syamsudin, the captain and crew of our 2003 RV Baruna Jaya VIII cruise, the Indonesian Agency for Assessment and Application of Technology (BPPT), and the Center of Research and Development for Oceanography (LIPI) of Indonesia. This work was financially supported by the US NSF and the Ocean Climate Change Institute of WHOI. We thank L. Zou, D. Ostermann, K. Rose, S. Pike and M. Chong for technical assistance, W. Martin, O. Marchal, C. Saenger and K. Dahl for discussions, and the NOSAMS and Radioanalytical facilities at WHOI for radiocarbon and 210Pb analyses, respectively.
Author Contributions All authors contributed extensively to this work.
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Data are available at ftp://ftp.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_author/oppo2009/oppo2009.txt.
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This file contains Supplementary Figures 1-7 with Legends, Supplementary Tables 1-2, a Supplementary Discussion, Supplementary Notes and Supplementary References. (PDF 1116 kb)
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Oppo, D., Rosenthal, Y. & Linsley, B. 2,000-year-long temperature and hydrology reconstructions from the Indo-Pacific warm pool. Nature 460, 1113–1116 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature08233
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nature08233
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